The modern day toothbrush that we know and love (and hopefully use at least twice a day) is a relatively modern invention. Historians advocate that the Chinese invented the first bristle brush during the end of the Tang Dynasty using hog bristles, later generations adopting the use of softer horse bristle instead (Ng et al. 2020). Many centuries later, the mass production of modern toothbrushes are typically attributed to either the French in the 17 century (Hyson, 2003) or to the English in 1780 (Ng et al. 2020). But what about the original toothbrush? Did earlier civilizations use anything for their dental health?
The answer lies in the roots, twigs and stem of the Salvadora persica tree, found predominantly in the current regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (Haque & Alsareii, 2015). Predating even soap, the use of these natural toothbrushes have been recorded as early as 3500 B.C. Babylonia, as well as Egyptian Tombs (Shirzaiy et al. 2016). Whilst their names may differ based on the region, many now-a-days are familiar witht he name ‘miswak’.
Roots, twigs and stems from the Salvadora persica tree are cut into pieces roughly resembling the size of modern day toothbrushes. Their ends are then peeled and chewed, making them tapered and frayed on one end similar to a brush-form. The image below shows the final product, in essence a wooden fiber-brush for the teeth.
Finalized figure of a miswak, ready to be used
‘Miswaks’ go by many names depending on the part of the globe. In Arabic it is Miswak, Arak or Siwak, while in Aramaic and Hebrew it is Qisa and Qesam respectively. In Somalia you will find the name Caday used, and in Japan the name Koyoji or Yakin, etcetera, etcetera (wouldn’t want to bore you with the names from every African, Asian and Middle Eastern region). In essence, what ties all these types of ‘Miswak’ together is the use of the Salvadora persica tree, utilizing them in toothbrush-like fashion. For the remainder of this post, we’ll stick with the name ‘miswak’ as it is the most common.
Are They Effective?
Short answer, a resounding yes. There is good reason why the miswak has been used by not only ancient civilizations millennia ago, but is even still a popular choice in modern times. It’s effectiveness stems (Get it? ‘Cause it comes from a tree) from it’s inherent mechanical advantage and the chemical properties derived from the Salvadora persica tree.
Mechanical Advantages
There have been many studies conducted that confirm and re-confirm the mechanical efficacy of using the Miswak. Amongst other advantages, miswak usage exhibits the ability to increase salivary flow, due to the chewing nature, paired with particular chemicals and essential oils from the miswak wood itself (Qaid et al. 2020). This benefits oral health by increasing the buffering capacity and promoting remineralization, thereby reducing and protecting from dental carries and decay (Qaid et al. 2020). This is a topic that I have explained in depth about in a previous post.
Most studies also found that miswak was, at the very least, equally as effective in mechanical removal of plaque (Ramli et al. 2021). In a few other studies, it was even observed that between miswak and nylon toothbrush users (the most common type used presently), while gingival status differences were not significantly observed, miswak usage resulted in a significant reduction in mechanical plaque scores (Malik et al. 2014). This is due to the specific nature of the constituent fibers, and how the friction it creates between itself and the tooth surfaces proves to be excellent in managing mechanical plaque removal (Hunaydi et al. 2023).
It was also observed that using miswak on acrylic resin denture bases yielded significantly less abrasive damage, such as grooves and scratches, as opposed to toothbrushes (Qaid et al. 2020).
In essence, due to the specific nature of the miswak bristles, and how they interact with the surfaces of the teeth, they have been seen to not only be effective in the mechanical removal of plaque, but also in the decreased damage to surfaces, specifically acrylic dentures, when compared to modern toothbrushes predominantly made of nylon.
Anti-microbial and Chemical Advantages
Various investigations have shown the prevalence of a variety of natural constituents found in miswak that are beneficial for oral health. Of note is benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), one of the principal antibacterial components of the miswak, as well as anticarcinogenic (Qaid et al. 2020). BITC is the primary compound responsible for inhibiting both acid production, as well as the growth of Streptococcus mutans (Sabbagh et al. 2020). Acidic environments are excellent breeding grounds for tooth decay and inflammation, as well as bacteria growth (Qaid et al. 2020). One such bacteria that strives in acidic environments is Streptococcus mutans, the etiological pathogen responsible for dental carries and periodontal diseases (Sabbagh et al. 2020). BITC also acts as anti-inflamatory, anti-septic and aides with teeth whitening (Chauhan et al. 2020). Thus, the BITC compound being invaluable for dental carries and oral health protection.
Another constituent to note is silica, acting as an abrasive material to remove stains and deposits from surfaces, as well as Tannic acid as an anti-gingivitis aspect (Qaid et al. 2020). Resins are also found in miswak, creating a physical functional layer over the enamel, protecting from microbes (Dahiya et al. 2012). Alkaloid found in miswak demonstrate bactericidal effects as well as stimulating the gingiva (Dahiya et al. 2012). Essential oils are anti-septic and increase saliva flow, while vitamin C and Calcium aide with healing and repair (Dahiya et al. 2012).
Due to the various natural constituents found, miswak is able to provide the chemical properties of being anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic, as well as removing stains, forming protective layers and stimulating health, healing and growth.
Ease of Use Advantage
Apart from the mechanical and chemical advantages to using miswak, the ease of use is another aspect that sets it apart. Whilst a modern toothbrush also requires toothpaste and water, miswak does not. This makes it incredibly easy and simple to use, anywhere, anytime. It’s as simple as pulling it out of your pocket and using it then and there. In the kitchen, at the park, in the car, during camping or upside down.
Environmentally Friendly
While not a point that adds to the effectiveness with regards to oral hygiene, it should be pointed out that miswak is a natural product. Coming from the roots, twigs and stems of a tree, the miswak is the definition of eco-friendly. It is both renewable, and safe compostable, as opposed to modern toothbrushes that have plastic-derived handles and bristles. It may not benefit your oral hygiene, but it will offer some peace of mind.
When To Use
Miswaks can be used anytime, anywhere. While many studies illustrate the benefits, and in some cases superiority, in using the miswak for oral hygiene, our modern day toothbrushes and toothpaste offer many benefits as well. Many of the benefits that come from the natural constituents of miswak can often be found in toothpaste as well, showing as a mix of natural and artificial. One of the primary benefits that the modern toothbrush has over miswak is the fiber alignment and angle. Due to the way that the toothbrush is situated, with the fiber perpendicular to the handle, it is much easier and effective in reaching the back of teeth and hard to reach places.
As such, it is recommended to use a mix of both miswak and the modern toothbrush (Qaid et al. 2020), gaining the benefits of both in your daily life. Keep the (hopefully) regular oral hygiene regiment with the toothbrush at least twice a day (morning and night), and have the miswak used throughout the day whenever you think best. This could be after meals, drinking something sticky, sweet or acid, and anytime in-between so long as you don’t overdo it. Often times it is the middle path that is most beneficial, gaining the pros from both sides.
As The Grandfather Of Toothbrushes ….
Miswak, the grandfather of toothbrushes, dating as far back as the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians, truly deserves credit. Credit for being such an integral part of oral health, not just in the past, but in todays times as well. With it’s surprisingly long list of natural constituents, paired with it mechanical and ease of use advantages, it truly is a remarkable oral hygiene product that boasts the benefit of eco-friendliness (is that a word?) Using the miswak with normal toothbrush hygiene regiments should prove to be beneficial, taking your oral health to the next level and giving you the shining smile you deserve.
References
Chauhan, D. N., Singh, P. R., Shah, K., & Chauhan, N. S. (2020). Natural oral care in dental therapy. Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119618973.ch1
Dahiya, P., Kamal, R., Luthra, R. P., Mishra, R., & Saini, G. (2012). Miswak: A periodontist’s perspective. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 3(4), 184–187. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.104431
Halawany H. S. (2012). A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. The Saudi dental journal, 24(2), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.12.004
Haque, M. M., & Alsareii, S. A. (2015). A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. Saudi medical journal, 36(5), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.5.10785
Hunaydi, Z. F., Shafiai, N. A., Mohd Noor, S. N., & Abdul Rahman, N. R. (2023). Clinical effects, uses and applications of MISWAK (Salvadora persica) on oral health over the last three decades: A scoping review of literature. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine Jummec, sp2023(1), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.22452/jummec.sp2023no1.33
Hyson J. M., Jr (2003). History of the toothbrush. Journal of the history of dentistry, 51(2), 73–80.
Malik, A. S., Shaukat, M. S., Qureshi, A. A., & Abdur, R. (2014). Comparative effectiveness of chewing stick and toothbrush: a randomized clinical trial. North American journal of medical sciences, 6(7), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.136916
Ng, C., Tsoi, J. K. H., Lo, E. C. M., & Matinlinna, A. J. P. (2020). Safety and Design Aspects of Powered Toothbrush-A Narrative Review. Dentistry journal, 8(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj8010015
Qaid, H. R., Aljunaid, M., Sinaredi, B. R., Setyowati, D., & Bramantoro, T. (2020). Mechanical and Phytochemical Composition in miswak (Salvadora Persica): Little Things Big Impact. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 20(2020), 3097–3100. https://doi.org/10.35124/bca.2020.20.S1.3097
Ramli, H., Mohd-Dom, T. N., & Mohd-Said, S. (2021). Clinical benefits and adverse effects of siwak (S. persica) use on periodontal health: a scoping review of literature. BMC oral health, 21(1), 618. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01950-0
Sabbagh, H. J., AlGhamdi, K. S., Mujalled, H. T., & Bagher, S. M. (2020). The effect of brushing with Salvadora Persica (miswak) sticks on salivary streptococcus mutans and plaque levels in children: A clinical trial. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2847-3
Shirzaiy, M., Sarani, Z., & Bagheri, S. (2016). Miswak/Derum Manipulation, a Common Habit in Baluchestan, Iran. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction, 5(2), e25948. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.25948
The Original Toothbrush
The modern day toothbrush that we know and love (and hopefully use at least twice a day) is a relatively modern invention. Historians advocate that the Chinese invented the first bristle brush during the end of the Tang Dynasty using hog bristles, later generations adopting the use of softer horse bristle instead (Ng et al. 2020). Many centuries later, the mass production of modern toothbrushes are typically attributed to either the French in the 17 century (Hyson, 2003) or to the English in 1780 (Ng et al. 2020). But what about the original toothbrush? Did earlier civilizations use anything for their dental health?
The answer lies in the roots, twigs and stem of the Salvadora persica tree, found predominantly in the current regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (Haque & Alsareii, 2015). Predating even soap, the use of these natural toothbrushes have been recorded as early as 3500 B.C. Babylonia, as well as Egyptian Tombs (Shirzaiy et al. 2016). Whilst their names may differ based on the region, many now-a-days are familiar witht he name ‘miswak’.
Roots, twigs and stems from the Salvadora persica tree are cut into pieces roughly resembling the size of modern day toothbrushes. Their ends are then peeled and chewed, making them tapered and frayed on one end similar to a brush-form. The image below shows the final product, in essence a wooden fiber-brush for the teeth.
Finalized figure of a miswak, ready to be used
‘Miswaks’ go by many names depending on the part of the globe. In Arabic it is Miswak, Arak or Siwak, while in Aramaic and Hebrew it is Qisa and Qesam respectively. In Somalia you will find the name Caday used, and in Japan the name Koyoji or Yakin, etcetera, etcetera (wouldn’t want to bore you with the names from every African, Asian and Middle Eastern region). In essence, what ties all these types of ‘Miswak’ together is the use of the Salvadora persica tree, utilizing them in toothbrush-like fashion. For the remainder of this post, we’ll stick with the name ‘miswak’ as it is the most common.
Are They Effective?
Short answer, a resounding yes. There is good reason why the miswak has been used by not only ancient civilizations millennia ago, but is even still a popular choice in modern times. It’s effectiveness stems (Get it? ‘Cause it comes from a tree) from it’s inherent mechanical advantage and the chemical properties derived from the Salvadora persica tree.
Mechanical Advantages
There have been many studies conducted that confirm and re-confirm the mechanical efficacy of using the Miswak. Amongst other advantages, miswak usage exhibits the ability to increase salivary flow, due to the chewing nature, paired with particular chemicals and essential oils from the miswak wood itself (Qaid et al. 2020). This benefits oral health by increasing the buffering capacity and promoting remineralization, thereby reducing and protecting from dental carries and decay (Qaid et al. 2020). This is a topic that I have explained in depth about in a previous post.
Most studies also found that miswak was, at the very least, equally as effective in mechanical removal of plaque (Ramli et al. 2021). In a few other studies, it was even observed that between miswak and nylon toothbrush users (the most common type used presently), while gingival status differences were not significantly observed, miswak usage resulted in a significant reduction in mechanical plaque scores (Malik et al. 2014). This is due to the specific nature of the constituent fibers, and how the friction it creates between itself and the tooth surfaces proves to be excellent in managing mechanical plaque removal (Hunaydi et al. 2023).
It was also observed that using miswak on acrylic resin denture bases yielded significantly less abrasive damage, such as grooves and scratches, as opposed to toothbrushes (Qaid et al. 2020).
In essence, due to the specific nature of the miswak bristles, and how they interact with the surfaces of the teeth, they have been seen to not only be effective in the mechanical removal of plaque, but also in the decreased damage to surfaces, specifically acrylic dentures, when compared to modern toothbrushes predominantly made of nylon.
Anti-microbial and Chemical Advantages
Various investigations have shown the prevalence of a variety of natural constituents found in miswak that are beneficial for oral health. Of note is benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), one of the principal antibacterial components of the miswak, as well as anticarcinogenic (Qaid et al. 2020). BITC is the primary compound responsible for inhibiting both acid production, as well as the growth of Streptococcus mutans (Sabbagh et al. 2020). Acidic environments are excellent breeding grounds for tooth decay and inflammation, as well as bacteria growth (Qaid et al. 2020). One such bacteria that strives in acidic environments is Streptococcus mutans, the etiological pathogen responsible for dental carries and periodontal diseases (Sabbagh et al. 2020). BITC also acts as anti-inflamatory, anti-septic and aides with teeth whitening (Chauhan et al. 2020). Thus, the BITC compound being invaluable for dental carries and oral health protection.
Another constituent to note is silica, acting as an abrasive material to remove stains and deposits from surfaces, as well as Tannic acid as an anti-gingivitis aspect (Qaid et al. 2020). Resins are also found in miswak, creating a physical functional layer over the enamel, protecting from microbes (Dahiya et al. 2012). Alkaloid found in miswak demonstrate bactericidal effects as well as stimulating the gingiva (Dahiya et al. 2012). Essential oils are anti-septic and increase saliva flow, while vitamin C and Calcium aide with healing and repair (Dahiya et al. 2012).
Due to the various natural constituents found, miswak is able to provide the chemical properties of being anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic, as well as removing stains, forming protective layers and stimulating health, healing and growth.
Ease of Use Advantage
Apart from the mechanical and chemical advantages to using miswak, the ease of use is another aspect that sets it apart. Whilst a modern toothbrush also requires toothpaste and water, miswak does not. This makes it incredibly easy and simple to use, anywhere, anytime. It’s as simple as pulling it out of your pocket and using it then and there. In the kitchen, at the park, in the car, during camping or upside down.
Environmentally Friendly
While not a point that adds to the effectiveness with regards to oral hygiene, it should be pointed out that miswak is a natural product. Coming from the roots, twigs and stems of a tree, the miswak is the definition of eco-friendly. It is both renewable, and safe compostable, as opposed to modern toothbrushes that have plastic-derived handles and bristles. It may not benefit your oral hygiene, but it will offer some peace of mind.
When To Use
Miswaks can be used anytime, anywhere. While many studies illustrate the benefits, and in some cases superiority, in using the miswak for oral hygiene, our modern day toothbrushes and toothpaste offer many benefits as well. Many of the benefits that come from the natural constituents of miswak can often be found in toothpaste as well, showing as a mix of natural and artificial. One of the primary benefits that the modern toothbrush has over miswak is the fiber alignment and angle. Due to the way that the toothbrush is situated, with the fiber perpendicular to the handle, it is much easier and effective in reaching the back of teeth and hard to reach places.
As such, it is recommended to use a mix of both miswak and the modern toothbrush (Qaid et al. 2020), gaining the benefits of both in your daily life. Keep the (hopefully) regular oral hygiene regiment with the toothbrush at least twice a day (morning and night), and have the miswak used throughout the day whenever you think best. This could be after meals, drinking something sticky, sweet or acid, and anytime in-between so long as you don’t overdo it. Often times it is the middle path that is most beneficial, gaining the pros from both sides.
As The Grandfather Of Toothbrushes ….
Miswak, the grandfather of toothbrushes, dating as far back as the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians, truly deserves credit. Credit for being such an integral part of oral health, not just in the past, but in todays times as well. With it’s surprisingly long list of natural constituents, paired with it mechanical and ease of use advantages, it truly is a remarkable oral hygiene product that boasts the benefit of eco-friendliness (is that a word?) Using the miswak with normal toothbrush hygiene regiments should prove to be beneficial, taking your oral health to the next level and giving you the shining smile you deserve.
References
Chauhan, D. N., Singh, P. R., Shah, K., & Chauhan, N. S. (2020). Natural oral care in dental therapy. Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119618973.ch1
Dahiya, P., Kamal, R., Luthra, R. P., Mishra, R., & Saini, G. (2012). Miswak: A periodontist’s perspective. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 3(4), 184–187. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.104431
Halawany H. S. (2012). A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. The Saudi dental journal, 24(2), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.12.004
Haque, M. M., & Alsareii, S. A. (2015). A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. Saudi medical journal, 36(5), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.5.10785
Hunaydi, Z. F., Shafiai, N. A., Mohd Noor, S. N., & Abdul Rahman, N. R. (2023). Clinical effects, uses and applications of MISWAK (Salvadora persica) on oral health over the last three decades: A scoping review of literature. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine Jummec, sp2023(1), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.22452/jummec.sp2023no1.33
Hyson J. M., Jr (2003). History of the toothbrush. Journal of the history of dentistry, 51(2), 73–80.
Malik, A. S., Shaukat, M. S., Qureshi, A. A., & Abdur, R. (2014). Comparative effectiveness of chewing stick and toothbrush: a randomized clinical trial. North American journal of medical sciences, 6(7), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.136916
Ng, C., Tsoi, J. K. H., Lo, E. C. M., & Matinlinna, A. J. P. (2020). Safety and Design Aspects of Powered Toothbrush-A Narrative Review. Dentistry journal, 8(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj8010015
Qaid, H. R., Aljunaid, M., Sinaredi, B. R., Setyowati, D., & Bramantoro, T. (2020). Mechanical and Phytochemical Composition in miswak (Salvadora Persica): Little Things Big Impact. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 20(2020), 3097–3100. https://doi.org/10.35124/bca.2020.20.S1.3097
Ramli, H., Mohd-Dom, T. N., & Mohd-Said, S. (2021). Clinical benefits and adverse effects of siwak (S. persica) use on periodontal health: a scoping review of literature. BMC oral health, 21(1), 618. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01950-0
Sabbagh, H. J., AlGhamdi, K. S., Mujalled, H. T., & Bagher, S. M. (2020). The effect of brushing with Salvadora Persica (miswak) sticks on salivary streptococcus mutans and plaque levels in children: A clinical trial. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2847-3
Shirzaiy, M., Sarani, Z., & Bagheri, S. (2016). Miswak/Derum Manipulation, a Common Habit in Baluchestan, Iran. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction, 5(2), e25948. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.25948
The Original Toothbrush
The modern day toothbrush that we know and love (and hopefully use at least twice a day) is a relatively modern invention. Historians advocate that the Chinese invented the first bristle brush during the end of the Tang Dynasty using hog bristles, later generations adopting the use of softer horse bristle instead (Ng et al. 2020). Many centuries later, the mass production of modern toothbrushes are typically attributed to either the French in the 17 century (Hyson, 2003) or to the English in 1780 (Ng et al. 2020). But what about the original toothbrush? Did earlier civilizations use anything for their dental health?
The answer lies in the roots, twigs and stem of the Salvadora persica tree, found predominantly in the current regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (Haque & Alsareii, 2015). Predating even soap, the use of these natural toothbrushes have been recorded as early as 3500 B.C. Babylonia, as well as Egyptian Tombs (Shirzaiy et al. 2016). Whilst their names may differ based on the region, many now-a-days are familiar witht he name ‘miswak’.
Roots, twigs and stems from the Salvadora persica tree are cut into pieces roughly resembling the size of modern day toothbrushes. Their ends are then peeled and chewed, making them tapered and frayed on one end similar to a brush-form. The image below shows the final product, in essence a wooden fiber-brush for the teeth.
Finalized figure of a miswak, ready to be used
‘Miswaks’ go by many names depending on the part of the globe. In Arabic it is Miswak, Arak or Siwak, while in Aramaic and Hebrew it is Qisa and Qesam respectively. In Somalia you will find the name Caday used, and in Japan the name Koyoji or Yakin, etcetera, etcetera (wouldn’t want to bore you with the names from every African, Asian and Middle Eastern region). In essence, what ties all these types of ‘Miswak’ together is the use of the Salvadora persica tree, utilizing them in toothbrush-like fashion. For the remainder of this post, we’ll stick with the name ‘miswak’ as it is the most common.
Are They Effective?
Short answer, a resounding yes. There is good reason why the miswak has been used by not only ancient civilizations millennia ago, but is even still a popular choice in modern times. It’s effectiveness stems (Get it? ‘Cause it comes from a tree) from it’s inherent mechanical advantage and the chemical properties derived from the Salvadora persica tree.
Mechanical Advantages
There have been many studies conducted that confirm and re-confirm the mechanical efficacy of using the Miswak. Amongst other advantages, miswak usage exhibits the ability to increase salivary flow, due to the chewing nature, paired with particular chemicals and essential oils from the miswak wood itself (Qaid et al. 2020). This benefits oral health by increasing the buffering capacity and promoting remineralization, thereby reducing and protecting from dental carries and decay (Qaid et al. 2020). This is a topic that I have explained in depth about in a previous post.
Most studies also found that miswak was, at the very least, equally as effective in mechanical removal of plaque (Ramli et al. 2021). In a few other studies, it was even observed that between miswak and nylon toothbrush users (the most common type used presently), while gingival status differences were not significantly observed, miswak usage resulted in a significant reduction in mechanical plaque scores (Malik et al. 2014). This is due to the specific nature of the constituent fibers, and how the friction it creates between itself and the tooth surfaces proves to be excellent in managing mechanical plaque removal (Hunaydi et al. 2023).
It was also observed that using miswak on acrylic resin denture bases yielded significantly less abrasive damage, such as grooves and scratches, as opposed to toothbrushes (Qaid et al. 2020).
In essence, due to the specific nature of the miswak bristles, and how they interact with the surfaces of the teeth, they have been seen to not only be effective in the mechanical removal of plaque, but also in the decreased damage to surfaces, specifically acrylic dentures, when compared to modern toothbrushes predominantly made of nylon.
Anti-microbial and Chemical Advantages
Various investigations have shown the prevalence of a variety of natural constituents found in miswak that are beneficial for oral health. Of note is benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), one of the principal antibacterial components of the miswak, as well as anticarcinogenic (Qaid et al. 2020). BITC is the primary compound responsible for inhibiting both acid production, as well as the growth of Streptococcus mutans (Sabbagh et al. 2020). Acidic environments are excellent breeding grounds for tooth decay and inflammation, as well as bacteria growth (Qaid et al. 2020). One such bacteria that strives in acidic environments is Streptococcus mutans, the etiological pathogen responsible for dental carries and periodontal diseases (Sabbagh et al. 2020). BITC also acts as anti-inflamatory, anti-septic and aides with teeth whitening (Chauhan et al. 2020). Thus, the BITC compound being invaluable for dental carries and oral health protection.
Another constituent to note is silica, acting as an abrasive material to remove stains and deposits from surfaces, as well as Tannic acid as an anti-gingivitis aspect (Qaid et al. 2020). Resins are also found in miswak, creating a physical functional layer over the enamel, protecting from microbes (Dahiya et al. 2012). Alkaloid found in miswak demonstrate bactericidal effects as well as stimulating the gingiva (Dahiya et al. 2012). Essential oils are anti-septic and increase saliva flow, while vitamin C and Calcium aide with healing and repair (Dahiya et al. 2012).
Due to the various natural constituents found, miswak is able to provide the chemical properties of being anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic, as well as removing stains, forming protective layers and stimulating health, healing and growth.
Ease of Use Advantage
Apart from the mechanical and chemical advantages to using miswak, the ease of use is another aspect that sets it apart. Whilst a modern toothbrush also requires toothpaste and water, miswak does not. This makes it incredibly easy and simple to use, anywhere, anytime. It’s as simple as pulling it out of your pocket and using it then and there. In the kitchen, at the park, in the car, during camping or upside down.
Environmentally Friendly
While not a point that adds to the effectiveness with regards to oral hygiene, it should be pointed out that miswak is a natural product. Coming from the roots, twigs and stems of a tree, the miswak is the definition of eco-friendly. It is both renewable, and safe compostable, as opposed to modern toothbrushes that have plastic-derived handles and bristles. It may not benefit your oral hygiene, but it will offer some peace of mind.
When To Use
Miswaks can be used anytime, anywhere. While many studies illustrate the benefits, and in some cases superiority, in using the miswak for oral hygiene, our modern day toothbrushes and toothpaste offer many benefits as well. Many of the benefits that come from the natural constituents of miswak can often be found in toothpaste as well, showing as a mix of natural and artificial. One of the primary benefits that the modern toothbrush has over miswak is the fiber alignment and angle. Due to the way that the toothbrush is situated, with the fiber perpendicular to the handle, it is much easier and effective in reaching the back of teeth and hard to reach places.
As such, it is recommended to use a mix of both miswak and the modern toothbrush (Qaid et al. 2020), gaining the benefits of both in your daily life. Keep the (hopefully) regular oral hygiene regiment with the toothbrush at least twice a day (morning and night), and have the miswak used throughout the day whenever you think best. This could be after meals, drinking something sticky, sweet or acid, and anytime in-between so long as you don’t overdo it. Often times it is the middle path that is most beneficial, gaining the pros from both sides.
As The Grandfather Of Toothbrushes ….
Miswak, the grandfather of toothbrushes, dating as far back as the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians, truly deserves credit. Credit for being such an integral part of oral health, not just in the past, but in todays times as well. With it’s surprisingly long list of natural constituents, paired with it mechanical and ease of use advantages, it truly is a remarkable oral hygiene product that boasts the benefit of eco-friendliness (is that a word?) Using the miswak with normal toothbrush hygiene regiments should prove to be beneficial, taking your oral health to the next level and giving you the shining smile you deserve.
References
Chauhan, D. N., Singh, P. R., Shah, K., & Chauhan, N. S. (2020). Natural oral care in dental therapy. Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119618973.ch1
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